Displacement in the maxilla, assessed in the transverse (x), sagittal (y), and vertical (z) planes, after expansion (n = 28; mm)
IQR, Interquartile range.
Please refer to Table 1 for the definition of each landmark.
For the x coordinates, absolute values were used. For the y and z coordinates, positive values indicate backward and upward movements, respectively. Measurements were performed on both the right and left sides.
Comparison was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank nonparametric test; *