pISSN 2234-7518
eISSN 2005-372X
eISSN 2005-372X
Anatomical landmarks used in the present study and their definitions
| Landmark | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anterior nasal spine (ANS) | The most anterior point of the nasal spine |
| Cheilion (Ch) | The most lateral point at the angle of the lips |
| Mid-cheilion (MidCh) | The mid-point of both cheilions |
| Columella (Col) | The most anterior point of soft tissue columella that links the nasal tip to the nasal base and separates the nares |
| Tragus (Tr) | The lateral left point of the tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear |
| Mid-tragus (MidTr) | The mid-point of both external auricular canal points |
| Genial tubercle (GT) | The mid-point of prominence on each side of the mental protuberance of the mandible |
| Lens (L) | The mid-point of left of lens on each side |
| Gonion (Go) | The most outward point on the angle of the mandible formed by the junction of the ramus and the body of the mandible |
| Menton (Me) | The most inferior point of the chin in the sagittal view |
| Mesiobuccal cusp of upper first molar |
Mesiobuccal cusp of upper first molar |
| Mid-incisal region of maxilla (U1) | The mid-point of upper central incisor tip |
| Mid-incisal region of mandible (L1) | The mid-point of lower central incisor tip |
| Alar (Al) | The lowest point of soft tissue ala in the coronal view |
| Mid-alar (MidAl) | The mid-points of both lateral nasal soft tissue regions |
| Nasion (N) | The most anterior point of the frontonasal suture on the midplane |
| Opisthion (Op) | The median point of the posterior border of the foramen magnum |
| Optic nerve (ON) | The mid-point where the optic nerve enters on each side |
| Orbitale (Or) | The lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit |
| Porion (Po) | The uppermost external point of the external auditory meatus |
| Mid-porion (MidPo) | The mid-point of both porions |
| Sella (S) | The landmark representing the left of sella turcica |