pISSN 2234-7518
eISSN 2005-372X
eISSN 2005-372X
Definitions of the craniofacial planes evaluated in the present study
| Plane | Definition | Landmark |
|---|---|---|
| Horizontal planes related with cranium | ||
| Broadbent’s plane (SN plane) | The plane passing from nasion to sella and perpendicular to midsagittal plane (as known as S-N plane) | S, N, MS plane |
| Optical axis plane | The plane constructed by 3 points; both lens and optic nerve | L (both), ON |
| Horizontal planes related with midface | ||
| Camper’s plane | The plane constructed by 3 points; both ala and mid-tragus | MidTr, Al (both) |
| His’ plane | The plane passing from anterior nasal spine to opisthion and perpendicular to midsagittal plane | ANS, Op, MS plane |
| Frankfort horizontal plane (FH plane) | The plane constructed by 3 points; both orbitale, mid-porion | Or (both), MidPo |
| Occlusal plane | The plane passing the mid-incisor tip of maxilla and mesiobuccal cusp of upper molars on both side | U1, #16 & 26 MBC |
| Sagittal planes related with midface | ||
| Nasal axis plane | A sagittal plane divides the nose into right and left halves, constructed by 3 points; nasion, columella, and mid-alar | N, Col, MidAlar |
| Horizontal planes related with lower face | ||
| Mandibular symmetry plane | A sagittal plane divides the mandible into right and left halves, constructed by 3 points; genial tubercle, menton, mid-incisor tip of mandible | GT, Me, L1 |
| Mandibular plane | Drawn from the most inferior border of the ramus of the mandible to menton | Go (both), Me |
| Lip canting plane | The plane passing through both side of cheilions and mid-cheilion | Ch (both), MidCh |
| Reference planes | ||
| Midsagittal plane (MS plane) | A sagittal plane through the nasion and perpendicular to Frankfort horizontal plane | N, FH plane |
| N-perpendicular plane | A coronal plane passing the nasion and perpendicular to Frankfort horizontal plane and midsagittal plane | N, FH plane, MS plane |
See Table 1 for definitions of each landmarks.