pISSN 2234-7518
eISSN 2005-372X
eISSN 2005-372X
Skeletal and pharyngeal airway changes during the control, maxillary protraction, and follow-up periods
| Stage | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1–T0 | T2–T0 | T3–T0 | T2–T1 | T3–T1 | T3–T2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ad1-PNS (mm) | 23.5 ± 5.3 | 24.2 ± 5.0 | 24.5 ± 5.4 | 23.5 ± 7.0 | 0.304 | 0.6 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 3.4 | 0.0 ± 6.6 | 0.2 ± 3.1 | −0.7 ± 6.6 | −0.9 ± 6.3 |
| Ad2-PNS (mm) | 18.1 ± 4.4 | 18.6 ± 3.2 | 19.8 ± 4.0 | 21.1 ± 3.8 | 0.001 |
0.5 ± 2.0 | 1.6 ± 2.1 |
3.0 ± 3.7 |
1.1 ± 2.2 | 2.4 ± 3.7 | 1.3 ± 3.1 |
| PAS (mm) | 24.2 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 25.2 ± 3.4 | 0.304 | 1.0 ± 3.1 | 1.7 ± 3.6 | 0.9 ± 4.3 | 0.7 ± 2.7 | −0.0 ± 3.4 | −0.7 ± 3.5 |
| SPAS (mm) | 11.8 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.5 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 0.638 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | −0.2 ± 2.1 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | −0.4 ± 2.2 | −0.6 ± 2.0 |
| MAS (mm) | 11.0 ± 2.9 | 11.3 ± 2.3 | 10.8 ± 2.9 | 11.4 ± 3.9 | 0.788 | 0.3 ± 1.8 | −0.1 ± 2.7 | 0.4 ± 2.7 | −0.4 ± 2.3 | 0.1 ± 2.7 | 0.5 ± 2.1 |
| IAS (mm) | 11.6 ± 2.7 | 11.6 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 4.0 | 10.8 ± 2.8 | 0.624 | 0.0 ± 1.7 | −0.1 ± 3.4 | −0.8 ± 2.8 | −0.1 ± 3.4 | −0.8 ± 2.3 | −0.7 ± 3.2 |
| EAS (mm) | 8.9 ± 1.9 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 2.0 | 8.8 ± 2.4 | 0.361 | 0.3 ± 1.7 | −0.5 ± 1.7 | −0.1 ± 2.2 | −0.8 ± 2.2 | −0.4 ± 2.6 | 0.4 ± 1.1 |
| RP1-A (mm) | 52.6 ± 4.5 | 52.5 ± 4.4 | 52.3 ± 4.9 | 53.6 ± 5.1 | 0.043 |
−0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 1.9 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 1.6 |
| RP1-PNS (mm) | 44.7 ± 3.0 | 45.1 ± 3.0 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 46.4 ± 2.5 | 0.000 |
0.3 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.4 |
1.7 ± 1.7 |
0.8 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.8 | 0.5 ± 1.3 |
| SNA (°) | 78.2 ± 3.4 | 78.2 ± 3.2 | 81.1 ± 3.5 | 81.6 ± 3.6 | 0.000 |
0.0 ± 0.45 | 2.9 ± 1.2 |
3.4 ± 1.5 |
2.9 ± 1.1 |
3.4 ± 1.5 |
0.5 ± 1.3 |
| SNB (°) | 81.9 ± 3.4 | 82.0 ± 3.6 | 81.0 ± 3.3 | 81.5 ± 4.0 | 0.063 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | −0.9 ± 1.4 | −0.3 ± 1.8 | −1.0 ± 1.5 | −0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 2.0 |
| ANB (°) | −3.7 ± 2.4 | −3.8 ± 2.7 | 0.1 ± 2.9 | 0.1 ± 2.1 | 0.000 |
−0.1 ± 0.6 | 3.83 ± 2.0 |
3.8 ± 1.3 |
3.9 ± 2.0 |
3.9 ± 1.5 |
0.0 ± 2.5 |
| N⊥A (mm) | −2.7 ± 2.5 | −2.6 ± 2.6 | 1.1 ± 3.2 | 1.1 ± 3.7 | 0.000 |
0.0 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 1.5 |
3.8 ± 2.2 |
3.7 ± 1.4 |
3.7 ± 2.1 |
0.0 ± 1.2 |
| FMA (°) | 24.8 ± 6.7 | 24.6 ± 7.0 | 25.8 ± 6.5 | 24.0 ± 7.2 | 0.005 |
−0.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | −0.8 ± 2.1 | 1.2 ± 1.0 |
−0.6 ± 2.0 | −1.8 ± 2.2 |
| S-Go (mm) | 79.1 ± 7.8 | 79.7 ± 8.1 | 80.3 ± 8.8 | 84.3 ± 9.5 | 0.000 |
0.6 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.9 | 5.1 ± 3.0 |
0.6 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 2.8 |
4.0 ± 2.5 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
T0, an average of 5.5 months before maxillary protraction; T1, pre-protraction, before cementation of the acrylic splint; T2, post-protraction, after debonding of the acrylic splint; T3, follow-up, including fixed orthodontic treatment and follow-up stages.
*
†Repeated-measures ANOVA.
‡Bonferroni multiple comparison.
§Friedman test.
∥Wilcoxon signed-rank test (with Bonferroni correction).
See Table 2 for definition of the planes and the measurements.