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KJO Korean Journal of Orthodontics

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pISSN 2234-7518
eISSN 2005-372X

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Korean J Orthod 2022; 52(1): 1-2   https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2022.52.1.1

First Published Date January 25, 2022, Publication Date January 25, 2022

Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.

READER’S FORUM

Jin-Young Choia, Song Hee Ohb, and Seong-Hun Kima

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

Questions

As one of the most prevalent complications during orthodontic treatment, external apical root resorption (EARR) is the clinicians’ main concern for orthodontic patients. Moreover, the comparison between fixed orthodontic appliances and clear aligners of the effect to the root resorption in the initial treatment phase was barely studied before. So I read this article with particularly great interest. This study compared the magnitude of EARR 6 months after starting orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and clear aligners, and it showed a small amount of root resorption which was comparable between two groups. I have a few questions to the authors about this study.

Q1. Periapical radiographs were taken to evaluate the EARR. In order to standardize the radiographic images, the parallel technique was used with a specific positioner. Even though the measurement with periapical radiographs is certainly more accurate than that with panoramic radiographs as the authors described several times in this article, I am curious how reliable is the result of periapical measurements. According to Figure 1 of this article, it was measured in 0.01-mm unit. How do you think of the accuracy of the measurements, and is there any other studies which support your method?

Q2. The authors compared the length of each tooth between T0 and T1 (Table 2), and between clear aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances (Table 3). I would like to ask the authors if they compared the EARR among the tooth types; for example, upper teeth vs. lower teeth or central incisors vs. lateral incisors. In addition, only upper left central incisor showed a significant difference in the change of tooth length between two groups, as shown in Table 3. Is there any particular reason that the authors guess?

Q3. I want to ask the authors respectfully what they think the main implication of this study is. In T1, 0.016” x 0.022” NiTi archwire was applied, which means only leveling and alignment procedure was performed to the subjects treated with fixed appliances, while many other studies measured the magnitude of root resorption after finishing the orthodontic treatment. Except the importance of the first 6 months of active treatment in the subsequent increase in resorption, which clinical message do you want the readers to accept in this article based on the result of the first 6 months of treatment?

Q4. The orthodontic treatment for the subjects started in May 2019. I guess the treatment for almost all the patients have been finished now. I wonder if the authors measured the tooth length again after finishing the orthodontic treatment for the same subjects, and if they have any plan to publish the further study suggesting those results.

Questioned by

Jin-Young Choia, Song Hee Ohb, and Seong-Hun Kima

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

Answers

We would like to thank for the questions related to our study, which allow us to deepen the discussion on the topic, in addition to improve some aspects.

A1. Periapical radiography is the most widely used test for detecting EARR, owing to the convenience of compact radiographic devices that can be located in offices, which are also usually more affordable than other forms of imaging diagnostics.1 In this study, the technique of parallelism was adopted using an acrylic device, which enables the radiographic film to be placed absolutely perpendicular to the x-ray beam. The reliability of this technique has been proven from previous studies, such as that of Gegler and Fontanella,1 who used teeth inserted in resin blocks and varied their inclinations by up to 20°. Their results showed that this positioning was efficient in maintaining the length of the teeth in the radiographic image using the different simulated slopes. Nassif et al.2 also used this methodology to compare the magnitude of EARR of maxillary incisors in patients with mild to moderate anterior crowding, treated with lingual and conventional labial orthodontics and found similar results between the techniques.

A2. We did not compare the EARR among the tooth types, although it could be a very interesting analysis. Regarding the significant difference in relation to EARR found only for upper left central incisor, we believe that it is a random result, because the mean values are very close. Additionally, the overall differences between groups were not clinically relevant, ranging from 0.03 to 0.35 mm.

A3. We understand that full treatment data would provide complete information regarding EARR. However, many studies2-5 pointed out the importance of monitoring the first 6 months of treatment, in order to control EARR throughout treatment, since patients with detectable root resorption during the first six months of active treatment are more likely to experience resorption in the following six-month period than those without. Thus, we understand that this preliminary information is of interest of the readers since it may instruct the orthodontist as to individual limits of each patient, according to different devices.2

A4. We have not yet performed the measurements, but we intend to publish the results as soon as we complete this stage of the study.

Replied by

Paula Vanessa Pedron Oltramari

Department of Orthodontics, University of North Parana (UNOPAR), Londrina, Brazil

References

  1. Gegler A, Fontanella V. In vitro evaluation of a method for obtaining periapical radiographs for diagnosis of external apical root resorption. Eur J Orthod 2008;30:315-9.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  2. Nassif CE, Cotrim-Ferreira A, Conti ACCF, Valarelli DP, de Almeida Cardoso M, de Almeida-Pedrin RR. Comparative study of root resorption of maxillary incisors in patients treated with lingual and buccal orthodontics. Angle Orthod 2017;87:795-800.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  3. Smale I, Artun J, Behbehani F, Doppel D, van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:57-67.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Artun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, Doppel D, Van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod 2005;75:919-26.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  5. Apajalahti S, Peltola JS. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment -- a retrospective study. Eur J Orthod 2007;29:408-12.
    Pubmed CrossRef

Article

Reader’s Forum

Korean J Orthod 2022; 52(1): 1-2   https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2022.52.1.1

First Published Date January 25, 2022, Publication Date January 25, 2022

Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.

READER’S FORUM

Jin-Young Choia, Song Hee Ohb, and Seong-Hun Kima

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Questions

As one of the most prevalent complications during orthodontic treatment, external apical root resorption (EARR) is the clinicians’ main concern for orthodontic patients. Moreover, the comparison between fixed orthodontic appliances and clear aligners of the effect to the root resorption in the initial treatment phase was barely studied before. So I read this article with particularly great interest. This study compared the magnitude of EARR 6 months after starting orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and clear aligners, and it showed a small amount of root resorption which was comparable between two groups. I have a few questions to the authors about this study.

Q1. Periapical radiographs were taken to evaluate the EARR. In order to standardize the radiographic images, the parallel technique was used with a specific positioner. Even though the measurement with periapical radiographs is certainly more accurate than that with panoramic radiographs as the authors described several times in this article, I am curious how reliable is the result of periapical measurements. According to Figure 1 of this article, it was measured in 0.01-mm unit. How do you think of the accuracy of the measurements, and is there any other studies which support your method?

Q2. The authors compared the length of each tooth between T0 and T1 (Table 2), and between clear aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances (Table 3). I would like to ask the authors if they compared the EARR among the tooth types; for example, upper teeth vs. lower teeth or central incisors vs. lateral incisors. In addition, only upper left central incisor showed a significant difference in the change of tooth length between two groups, as shown in Table 3. Is there any particular reason that the authors guess?

Q3. I want to ask the authors respectfully what they think the main implication of this study is. In T1, 0.016” x 0.022” NiTi archwire was applied, which means only leveling and alignment procedure was performed to the subjects treated with fixed appliances, while many other studies measured the magnitude of root resorption after finishing the orthodontic treatment. Except the importance of the first 6 months of active treatment in the subsequent increase in resorption, which clinical message do you want the readers to accept in this article based on the result of the first 6 months of treatment?

Q4. The orthodontic treatment for the subjects started in May 2019. I guess the treatment for almost all the patients have been finished now. I wonder if the authors measured the tooth length again after finishing the orthodontic treatment for the same subjects, and if they have any plan to publish the further study suggesting those results.

Questioned by

Jin-Young Choia, Song Hee Ohb, and Seong-Hun Kima

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

Answers

We would like to thank for the questions related to our study, which allow us to deepen the discussion on the topic, in addition to improve some aspects.

A1. Periapical radiography is the most widely used test for detecting EARR, owing to the convenience of compact radiographic devices that can be located in offices, which are also usually more affordable than other forms of imaging diagnostics.1 In this study, the technique of parallelism was adopted using an acrylic device, which enables the radiographic film to be placed absolutely perpendicular to the x-ray beam. The reliability of this technique has been proven from previous studies, such as that of Gegler and Fontanella,1 who used teeth inserted in resin blocks and varied their inclinations by up to 20°. Their results showed that this positioning was efficient in maintaining the length of the teeth in the radiographic image using the different simulated slopes. Nassif et al.2 also used this methodology to compare the magnitude of EARR of maxillary incisors in patients with mild to moderate anterior crowding, treated with lingual and conventional labial orthodontics and found similar results between the techniques.

A2. We did not compare the EARR among the tooth types, although it could be a very interesting analysis. Regarding the significant difference in relation to EARR found only for upper left central incisor, we believe that it is a random result, because the mean values are very close. Additionally, the overall differences between groups were not clinically relevant, ranging from 0.03 to 0.35 mm.

A3. We understand that full treatment data would provide complete information regarding EARR. However, many studies2-5 pointed out the importance of monitoring the first 6 months of treatment, in order to control EARR throughout treatment, since patients with detectable root resorption during the first six months of active treatment are more likely to experience resorption in the following six-month period than those without. Thus, we understand that this preliminary information is of interest of the readers since it may instruct the orthodontist as to individual limits of each patient, according to different devices.2

A4. We have not yet performed the measurements, but we intend to publish the results as soon as we complete this stage of the study.

Replied by

Paula Vanessa Pedron Oltramari

Department of Orthodontics, University of North Parana (UNOPAR), Londrina, Brazil

References

  1. Gegler A, Fontanella V. In vitro evaluation of a method for obtaining periapical radiographs for diagnosis of external apical root resorption. Eur J Orthod 2008;30:315-9.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  2. Nassif CE, Cotrim-Ferreira A, Conti ACCF, Valarelli DP, de Almeida Cardoso M, de Almeida-Pedrin RR. Comparative study of root resorption of maxillary incisors in patients treated with lingual and buccal orthodontics. Angle Orthod 2017;87:795-800.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  3. Smale I, Artun J, Behbehani F, Doppel D, van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:57-67.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Artun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, Doppel D, Van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod 2005;75:919-26.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  5. Apajalahti S, Peltola JS. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment -- a retrospective study. Eur J Orthod 2007;29:408-12.
    Pubmed CrossRef