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KJO Korean Journal of Orthodontics

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eISSN 2005-372X

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Original Article

Korean J Orthod 2024; 54(2): 89-107   https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

First Published Date January 26, 2024, Publication Date March 25, 2024

Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.

Treatment outcome and long-term stability of orthognathic surgery for facial asymmetry: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yoon-Ji Kima , Moon-Young Kimb , Nayansi Jhaa , Min-Ho Jungc,d , Yong-Dae Kwone , Ho Gyun Shinf , Min Jung Kof , Sang Ho Jung

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
cDepartment of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
dPrivate Practice, Seoul, Korea
eDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
fDivision of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
gDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to:Sang Ho Jun.
Clinical Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Tel +82-2-920-6770 e-mail junsang@korea.ac.kr
Min Jung Ko.
Senior Research Fellow, Division of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, 400 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 04933, Korea.
Tel +82-2-2174-2731 e-mail minjung.ko@neca.re.kr

Yoon-Ji Kim and Moon-Young Kim contributed equally to this work (as co-first authors).

How to cite this article: Kim YJ, Kim MY, Jha N, Jung MH, Kwon YD, Shin HG, Ko MJ, Jun SH. Treatment outcome and long-term stability of orthognathic surgery for facial asymmetry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Orthod 2024;54(2):89-107. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Received: September 27, 2023; Revised: December 14, 2023; Accepted: January 18, 2024

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the treatment outcomes, including hard and soft tissues, postoperative stability, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and quality of life (QoL), in patients with facial asymmetry who underwent orthognathic surgery. Methods: The primary objective was to address the question, “How do different factors related to surgery affect the outcomes and stability of orthognathic surgery in the correction of facial asymmetry?” A meta-analysis was conducted on the outcome parameters, such as skeletal, dental, and soft tissue symmetry, TMD, QoL, and relapse, using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method for random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted considering surgery-related factors such as surgical techniques (one-jaw vs. two-jaw), use of the surgery-first approach, utilization of computer simulation, and analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D). Results: Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the symmetry of hard and soft tissues. The subgroup analysis indicated that the treatment outcomes showed significant improvement, regardless of the factors related to surgery. Changes in TMD signs and symptoms varied according to the surgical technique used. Quality of life improved in the facial, oral, and social domains. Skeletal relapse was observed during the follow-up. Conclusions: Our findings support the positive outcomes of orthognathic surgery in the treatment of facial asymmetry in terms of skeletal and soft tissue improvements, stability, relief of TMD symptoms, and enhancement of QoL. However, most of the included studies showed a low certainty of evidence and high heterogeneity.

Keywords: Facial asymmetry, Orthognathic surgery, Temporomandibular joint disorder, Surgical stability

INTRODUCTION

Facial asymmetry is characterized by notable disparities in size, shape, and positioning of features between the right and left sides of the face. The etiology of facial asymmetry is multifactorial, involving genetic, functional, and environmental factors during growth,1,2 and the reported prevalence thereof ranges from 11% to 37%,3 with a higher prevalence (21–67%) observed in individuals with malocclusions, particularly Class III.4-7

Most people have some degree of skeletal asymmetry, which is considered normal, and it may be compensated for by soft tissues, dental occlusion, and head posture.8 However, a deviation exceeding 3–4 mm in the soft tissue menton region may be perceived by laypeople and elicit psychological implications.1,2 Patients with facial asymmetry commonly exhibit concomitant malocclusion, compromised masticatory functions, speech impairments, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.

Considerable progress in surgical techniques has revolutionized the treatment approach for facial asymmetry, supplanting the previous reliance on orthodontic camouflage with more stable and esthetically pleasing outcomes. Leveraging digital advancements such as computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies enables the utilization of surgical simulations, thereby enhancing the predictability of treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.

While numerous studies have explored orthognathic terms of diagnosis, surgical technique, and surgical outcome for facial asymmetry, a comprehensive systematic review of the impact of a range of factors on treatment outcomes remains lacking. These factors include surgical techniques (one- vs. two-jaw), surgical protocols (surgery-first approach [SFA] vs. conventional approach), implementation of surgical simulation techniques, and analytical methods (two-dimensional [2D] vs. three-dimensional [3D]). We, therefore, aimed to provide a comparative analysis of treatment outcomes encompassing hard and soft tissues, postoperative stability, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms, and quality of life (QoL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review adhered to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses9 (Supplementary Table 1). The study was registered in the PROSPERO Registry of Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses in Research (registration number: CRD42022384509). The primary objective was to address the question, “How do different factors related to surgery affect the outcomes and stability of orthognathic surgery in the correction of facial asymmetry?” The research question was structured according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Time, and Study type framework (Table 1). The specific outcome parameters are shown in Table 2.

Table 1 . Description of PICOTS framework

PICOTS frameworkDetails
PopulationFacial asymmetry patients
InterventionOrthognathic surgery
ComparisonUntreated subjects
OutcomesSkeletal symmetry, midline discrepancies, lip canting, temporomandibular disorders, quality of life, relapse
TimeNo limitation
Study typeRandomized clinical study, non-randomized clinical study (cohort study, case-control study, cross-sectional study), patient group study (case-series)

PICOTS, population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, and study type.



Table 2 . Definition of outcome variables

Outcome variablesDefinition
Skeletal symmetryLinear and angular measurements of the anatomic landmarks of the facial skeleton using radiographs for assessment of facial asymmetry
Menton deviationDistance from the menton of the mandible to the midsagittal reference plane
Maxillary cantingAngle between the maxillary plane and the horizontal reference plane
Frontal ramal inclination*Angle between the midsagittal reference line and the line connecting the most lateral point of the condylar head and gonion in the frontal plane
Ramus height*Distance from the condylion to gonion
Body length*Distance from the gonion to menton
Midline discrepanciesDeviation of upper and lower dental midline from the midsagittal reference line; midline discrepancy between the upper and the lower dentition
Lip cantingThe angle between the line where the upper and lower lips meet and the horizontal reference line
TMDSigns and symptoms related to TMD
Quality of lifeQuality of life related to surgical treatment of facial asymmetry
RelapseChange of more than 1 mm in the menton deviation after surgery

TMD, temporomandibular disorders.

*Differences between right and left measurements were analyzed.



Information sources and search strategy

The search strategy included relevant English databases, including Ovid-Medline, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Korean databases, such as KoreaMed and KMbase. The search terms were derived from those employed in Ovid-Medline and search functions, including controlled vocabulary (MeSH and Emtree), text words, logical operators, and truncation, were appropriately applied considering the characteristics of each database. The search was limited to the literature published between January 2000 and June 2023 in English and Korean (Supplementary Table 2).

Eligibility criteria, study selection, and data collection

We included original studies published in scientific journals with the full text available. We included studies as follows: those involving patients with facial asymmetry aged 18 years or older, focusing on orthognathic surgery, reporting one or more predefined outcomes, and conforming to a predetermined study design. We excluded non-original articles (reviews, editorials, letters, comments, abstracts, duplicate research); studies addressing the treatment of pathological conditions such as condylar hyperplasia; studies concerning the treatment of congenital facial deformities such as hemifacial microsomia and cleft lip and palate; documents not published in peer-reviewed journals (gray literature, abstracts, etc.); and studies not published in Korean. Two reviewers (YJK and MYK) independently conducted the literature selection process based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa statistic, which yielded a substantial agreement coefficient of 0.801. In cases of disagreement, a final selection of literature was made through discussions involving the entire research team.

Data extraction

Pilot data extraction was performed in several studies to standardize the process and enhance consistency between reviewers. Subsequently, two independent reviewers extracted data from the selected studies into a standardized form. Disagreements between the two reviewers were resolved by rechecking the data and further discussions with the clinical advisory committee.

The extracted data included (a) study characteristics (authors, year of publication, study design, period, and the number and location of research centers), (b) study population (inclusion/exclusion criteria, number of participants included/dropped out, sex, age, and type of dentoskeletal malocclusion), (c) methods (surgical techniques, use of SFA, computer simulation, analytic methods [2D vs. 3D] to assess asymmetry), (d) values of outcome variables, and (e) follow-up duration.

Risk of bias assessment

The methodological quality rating was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of non-randomized studies in the meta-analyses. Studies received one or two stars within each NOS category. A study with a score of ≥ 7 was considered high quality, those scoring 4–6 were considered moderate quality, and studies scoring < 4 were categorized as low quality. A critical assessment of the studies was conducted by two reviewers, and any discrepancies were resolved by a third.

Certainty of evidence assessment

We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation10 to evaluate the quality of evidence of the studies in which the meta-analysis was performed. Each outcome was rated based on the quality of evidence as high, moderate, low, or very low within five domains: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency, indirectness, and other biases.

Statistical analysis

The meta-analysis was conducted using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method, which is a random-effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic, indicating the proportion of the total variation attributed to heterogeneity rather than chance. Heterogeneity was categorized as low (25–50%), intermediate (50–75%), or high (75–100%).

In cases of high heterogeneity, the effect estimate was reported as the standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference. To explore potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed on studies exhibiting moderate or high heterogeneity. These analyses utilized predefined variables to investigate the factors contributing to heterogeneity.

Subgroup analyses were conducted to improve overall skeletal symmetry, which included all outcomes of skeletal symmetry and menton deviation considering surgery-related factors, such as the surgical techniques (one- vs. two-jaw), the use of SFA, utilization of computer simulation, and the analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D). Skeletal relapse was evaluated by examining the SMDs of the overall skeletal symmetry from immediately after surgery to the follow-up periods of < 3, 3–12, and > 12 months. Additionally, relapse of menton deviation was observed for follow-up periods of < 3 months and > 3 months.

Standardized mean differences for the upper and lower dental midlines, midline discrepancies between the upper and lower dentition, and lip canting were assessed. The prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD before and after surgery were analyzed. Quality of life was examined. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test.11 Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 3.6.3, http://cran.r-project.org/) and comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3.3.070). Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Study selection

A comprehensive database search yielded 2,928 articles, including 2,694 in English and 234 in Korean. After removing duplicate studies, 2,175 articles remained for further evaluation based on the selection criteria. Through a rigorous review process, 168 articles were selected based on their titles and abstracts, and a final set of 49 articles were included after a thorough examination of the full texts (Figure 1).

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart to screen and identify the included studies.

Risk of bias assessment of the included studies

Supplementary Table 3 summarizes the NOS results. Most of the studies were assessed as moderate quality,12-48 while a few were assessed as high quality.14,49-62 The studies were classified as high quality when the comparability of cohorts was appropriately addressed based on the study design or analysis.

Certainty of evidence assessment

The outcome parameters of the studies included in the meta-analysis were examined. Factors such as risk of bias, indirectness, inconsistency, and imprecision were not serious issues. The certainty of evidence regarding menton deviation is very low, owing to publication bias. However, publication bias did not significantly affect the results of menton deviation analysis. Certainty was low for other outcomes (Supplementary Table 4).

Characteristics of included studies

The meta-analysis included 1,796 participants. The publication timeline revealed 1 article from 2003 and 8 articles from 2019, and a significant proportion (51%) of the studies were published within the last 5 years (2019–2023). The studies originated from various countries: 19 from South Korea, 12 from Taiwan, 9 from Japan, 7 from China, 1 from Hong Kong, and 3 from Europe. The mean number of participants per study was 41 (range: 8–228), with a mean age of 24.6 years. In addition, 33 studies focused on skeletal Class III malocclusion. The follow-up periods varied across studies, ranging from a minimum of 15 days to a maximum of 3 years, with an average follow-up time of 9.7 months.

Evaluation of outcome parameters

Overall skeletal symmetry

In a comprehensive review involving 44 studies,12-43,49-60 77 outcome indicators were analyzed to assess skeletal symmetry before and after orthognathic surgery. The SMDs of skeletal symmetry according to one- and two-jaw surgery are shown in Figure 2, with descriptions of the study groups and outcome variables in Table 3. Significant improvements were observed after surgery for all surgery types. However, a notable heterogeneity was observed among the included studies.

Figure 2. Skeletal symmetry improvement: one-jaw vs. two-jaw (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

Table 3 . Characteristics of included studies and the definitions of the subgroups for the meta-analysis

Study (year)OutcomeSurgical technique (mandible)Computer simulation1-jaw vs. 2-jawSFAImagingSubgroup for meta-analysis
Aoyama et al.42 (2018)Me, MCSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo2D1: Me, 2: MC
Chen et al.51 (2016)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Group I*, 2: Group II, 3: Group III
Chen et al.36 (2019)U1, L1, LC, MeSSRONo2-jawYes3D
Choi et al.28 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawYes2D1: SFA, 2: Conventional approach
Eo et al.52 (2022)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Freudlsperger et al.25 (2017)LCSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Fujita et al.40 (2013)LC, MeSSRO, IVRONo1-jawNo2D
Guo et al.22 (2018)FRI, RH, BLSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: FRI, 2: RH, 3: BL
Ha et al.18 (2023)FRISSROYes2-jawNo3D
Hågensli et al.39 (2014)U1, L1, MeSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Hu et al.31 (2019)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: Group A§, 2: Group B
Huang et al.19 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Hwang et al.13 (2009)LC, MCNRNo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.23 (2017)Me, LCSSRONo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.30 (2020)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Ji et al.38 (2019)BL, MC, RHSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: BL, 2: MC, 3: RH
Kim et al.24 (2012)LC, MCSSRONo2-jawNo
Ko et al.26 (2009)MeSSRONo2-jawNo2D
Kwon et al.32 (2019)Me, FRI, RH, BLIVRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: Me, contralateral type, 2: Me, ipsilateral type, 3: FRI, contralateral type, 4: FRI, ipsilateral type, 5: RH, contralateral type, 6: RH, ipsilateral type, 7: BL, contralateral type, 8: BL, ipsilateral type
Kwon et al.33 (2019)BL, RHIVROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: RH, 2: BL
Lee et al.60 (2017)Me, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.50 (2019)MC, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: MC, 1-jaw, 2: MC, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.27 (2022)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Liao et al.54 (2020)MeSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Lin et al.37 (2018)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Lin et al.29 (2021)Me, MC, LCSSRONo2-jawYes3D1: Me, API, 2: Me, PIE**, 3: MC, API, 4: MC, PIE, 5: LC, API, 6: LC, PIE
Liu et al.53 (2022)Me, LCSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Me, Roll-type, 2: Me, Translation-type, 3: Me, Yaw-type, 4: LC, Roll-type, 5: LC, Translation-type, 6: LC, Yaw-type
Liu and Li49 (2022)BL, RHSSRO1-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Ming et al.21 (2020)Me, MCSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: MC, 1-jaw, 4: MC, 2-jaw
Ohba et al.57 (2016)Me, L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D1: Me, Minor asymmetry, 2: Me, Severe asymmetry, 3: L1, Minor asymmetry, 4: L1, Severe asymmetry
Park et al.46 (2021)FRISSRONo2-jawYes3D
Sun and Lee56 (2019)MCSSRONo1-jawYes3D
Suzuki-Okamura et al.17 (2015)LC, MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Udomlarptham et al.12 (2018)Me, MCSSROYes2-jawNo3D1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: MC (3D), 4: MC (2D)
Verzé et al.44 (2012)U1-L1 discrepancyMixedNo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Wong et al.16 (2014)MeSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Wu et al.14(2017)Me, RH, U1, L1SSROYes2-jawNo1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: RH (3D), 4: RH (2D), 5: L1 (3D), 6: L1 (2D), 7: U1 (3D), 8: U1 (2D)
Xu et al.43 (2021)L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: 1-jaw, 2: 2-jaw
Yamashita et al.41 (2009)LC, MCSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Ying et al.34 (2015)MCSSRO, IVROYes2-jawNo3D
Yoon et al.35 (2003)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D
Yu15 (2011)FRI, L1SSRONo2-jawNo2D

SFA, surgery-first approach; Me, menton deviation; MC, maxillary canting; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy; 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; U1, upper dental midline deviation; L1, lower dental midline deviation; LC, lip canting; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; FRI, frontal ramal inclination; RH, ramus height; BL, body length; NR, not reported.

*Menton deviation greater than ramus asymmetry.

Menton deviation less than ramus asymmetry.

Atypical asymmetry of menton deviation to the contralateral side.

§Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints, drilling guiding templates, and pre-bent plates.

Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints only.

Asymmetric posterior impaction on both sides.

**Posterior impaction on one side, and posterior extrusion on the other side.



Skeletal symmetry according to distinct factors associated with surgery

Subgroup analyses according to surgery-related factors, such as the use of SFA, computer simulation, and analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D), indicated a statistically significant improvement in skeletal symmetry in all subgroups (Supplementary Figures 1-3). However, high heterogeneity was observed among the studies in all subgroups.

Publication bias

Visual examination of the contour-enhanced funnel plot revealed that studies with larger standard errors were predominantly located within statistically significant intervals biased toward the left. This observation was supported by the Egger’s test, which demonstrated a significantly small study effect (P < 0.01).

Trim-and-fill analysis was employed to address potential publication bias, resulting in the inclusion of 38 studies. The analysis showed an SMD of –0.67 (P < 0.01) for the improvement in skeletal symmetry, indicating that publication bias did not significantly impact the overall outcome of enhanced skeletal symmetry following orthognathic surgery.

Individual skeletal symmetry outcomes

The SMDs of each outcome variable used for skeletal symmetry, such as menton deviation, maxillary canting, frontal ramal inclination, ramus height, and body length, were assessed, and all variables showed significant improvement after surgery (Supplementary Figures 4–8).

Midline discrepancy

Following orthognathic surgery, a significant decrease was observed in the dental midline discrepancy of the upper dentition (SMD = –1.09, P = 0.19), lower dentition (SMD = –1.44, P < 0.01), and in the discrepancy between the upper and lower dentition (SMD = –1.24, P < 0.01) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Forest plot for dental midline discrepancies between upper and lower arches (A), lower dental midline discrepancies (B), and upper dental midline discrepancies (C) (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

Lip canting

A significant decrease in lip canting was shown after surgery (SMD = –1.08, P < 0.01). However, high heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I2 = 73.0%, P < 0.01) (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Forest plot for lip canting (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

TMDs

The signs and symptoms related to TMD were classified into joint sounds, pain, and limited mouth opening (Table 4). Most studies have reported a decrease in TMD signs and symptoms of TMD after surgery.

Table 4 . Signs and symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorder

Outcome indicatorStudiesSurgical techniqueNumber of patients (n)Pre-surgery (%)Post-surgery (%)
SoundFujimura et al.61 (2005)IVSRO1586.76.7
IVRO1580.013.3
Park et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO862.537.5
SSRO1060.050.0
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3066.723.3
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6437.817.8
PainPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO812.50
SSRO1010.00
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3053.520.0
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6413.36.7
Sound and painPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO837.50
SSRO1020.00
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6415.613.3
Sound, pain, and limitation of condylar movementOhba et al.47 (2022)IVRO1417.910.7
SSRO with fixation1118.240.9
SSRO with no fixation3724.35.4

IVSRO, intraoral vertical-sagittal ramus osteotomy; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy.



QoL

The study conducted by Vongkamolchoon et al.48 examined changes in QoL before and after surgery in patients with facial asymmetry. This study included 74 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion 12 months after surgery. The Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess the QoL across different domains. The results showed a significant improvement in QoL in each domain and overall QoL, except for the awareness domain, when compared with the preoperative period.48

Relapse

In the analysis of skeletal symmetry based on the follow-up period, studies with a follow-up period of < 3 months exhibited the highest SMDs (–1.36, P < 0.01), indicating a significant change due to surgery, while studies with a follow-up period of 3–12 months also showed a significant improvement in skeletal symmetry (SMD = –1.34, P < 0.01). However, in studies with a follow-up period > 12 months, the SMD was less than that in those with a shorter follow-up period (SMD = –0.60, P > 0.05) (Figure 5). The analysis of menton deviation based on the follow-up period showed similar results, with a greater SMD for studies with a follow-up period of < 3 months12,14; studies with a follow-up period > 3 months showed fewer SMDs (Supplementary Figure 9).

Figure 5. Skeletal symmetry based on different follow-up periods (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

DISCUSSION

We provide comprehensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of orthognathic surgery to correct facial asymmetry, alleviating TMD symptoms, and improving QoL. Analysis of the included studies revealed significant improvements in all the evaluated skeletal parameters following surgery. Among the variables studied, the menton exhibited the highest frequency of use as a measure of facial asymmetry, followed by maxillary canting, frontal ramal inclination, ramus height, body length, and distance from the gonion to the midsagittal reference plane. Our results indicated that there was a significant improvement in skeletal symmetry, regardless of the different surgery-related factors, such as the surgical technique (one- vs. two-jaw), timing of surgery, use of computer simulation, and imaging modality for diagnosis and surgical planning.

Correction of maxillary canting and lip canting

Orthognathic surgery significantly reduced maxillary and lip canting. However, lip canting correction was found to be less predictable than maxillary canting.63 Kim et al.24 demonstrated a relationship between lip canting and canting correction of the anterior maxillary transverse occlusal planes. Lip asymmetry is influenced by muscular factors, and surgery may not cause significant changes in lip-line canting.64 Lee et al.50 reported an average lip cant of 3.12 for patients undergoing one-jaw surgery, which reduced to 1.27 after surgery.

Surgical planning and computer simulation

Facial asymmetry can only be analyzed in the frontal view; therefore, a frontal cephalogram in addition to a lateral cephalogram is required for diagnosis and surgical planning. However, in cases of facial asymmetry, 3D distortion of the mandible is often observed due to various yaw and roll patterns, which limits a comprehensive understanding of the mandibular morphology using only 2D imaging modalities.30 Owing to technological advances in medical imaging, 3D imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), intraoral scanners, and facial scanners, are readily available to clinicians. Integrating these datasets allows computer simulation surgery, which is reported to outperform traditional methods in enhancing facial midline symmetry.17,54

Patients with facial asymmetry often show condylar deformation with degenerative changes, which can be accurately analyzed using CT.65 Study groups using 2D and 3D imaging modalities for surgery and those who planned surgery with or without computer simulation all showed significant improvements in asymmetry. However, it was not possible to directly compare the outcome variables of the studies that used 2D and 3D imaging modalities due to the nature of the meta-analysis. Additionally, the outcome variables used in these studies were mainly menton deviations and dental midline discrepancies, which do not fully represent facial asymmetry.

Skeletal symmetry outcomes related to transverse dimensions such as frontal ramal inclination and distance from the gonion to the midsagittal reference plane are strongly associated with facial contours. In patients with a translation asymmetry type, transverse movement of the distal segment results in correction of frontal ramal inclination with stability and improves soft tissue facial contour.15,20 A study comparing 2D and 3D planning in cleft patients with severe discrepancies showed that 3D planning yielded superior outcomes in terms of facial contour asymmetry, but we excluded the study due to cleft palate patients.66 Additionally, Udomlarptham et al.12 concluded that 3D planning was particularly advantageous to achieve bilateral mandibular contour symmetry.

TMDs

The effects of surgical intervention on TMD symptoms vary across studies. Consistent with the results of a previous systematic review focusing on various patients with skeletal malocclusion who underwent orthognathic surgery,67 our analysis of patients with facial asymmetry revealed an overall improvement in the prevalence of pain.

However, differences in TMJ symptoms have been observed depending on the surgical technique used. Patients who underwent intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO), intraoral vertical-sagittal ramus osteotomy (IVSRO), or sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) without fixation experienced a substantial reduction in TMJ symptoms.45-47,61,62 The favorable effect of surgeries with no fixation of the bone segments on the TMJ has been corroborated in previous studies. Fujimura et al.61 reported 92% and 83% improvements in clicking in patients who underwent IVSRO and IVRO, respectively. Chen et al.68 also demonstrated a 71.4% improvement in pre-existing TMJ clicking in patients who underwent IVRO for mandibular setback. They showed that the rate of improvement of TMJ symptoms was not associated with the amount of setback. The alleviation of TMD symptoms after surgery may be attributed to the absence of fixation between the proximal and distal segments, allowing the proximal segment to attain a stable position.69

In contrast, some patients who underwent conventional SSRO with fixation exhibited TMJ symptoms.46,47,62 Hu et al.70 found that 8% of initially asymptomatic patients developed TMD symptoms 6 months postoperatively, emphasizing the challenges in replicating the original condylar position during SSRO. This difficulty poses a risk of excessive pressure on the articular disc or an unfavorable condylar position, potentially resulting in joint noise, pain, or exacerbation of pre-existing TMD symptoms.69 However, Toh and Leung reported that, despite the surgical technique used (IVRO, SSRO, or a combination of the two techniques), 12.5% of patients who were previously asymptomatic developed signs and symptoms after surgery.62 AlWarawreh et al.71 reported that most patients who underwent SSRO with rigid fixation showed no change in the signs and symptoms of TMD. Eshghpour et al.72 studied the biomechanical stress of three different modalities, two bicortical screws, three bicortical screws, and a miniplate, with SSRO using finite element analysis and concluded that the miniplate showed the least displacement of the bony segments.

Stability

Long-term stability is a crucial factor determining the success of orthognathic surgery. Short-term relapse can be attributed to factors such as condylar displacement during surgery, while long-term stability is influenced by condylar remodeling and skeletal growth.73 We revealed that skeletal symmetry improvements remained stable even when relapse patterns were identified up to 3 years post-surgery. Most studies demonstrated stable menton and lower midline positions following surgery, suggesting no significant relapse. Most skeletal relapses occurred within the first 12 months postoperatively, with similar amounts of relapse observed between the immediate postoperative period and the 3-month to 12-month postoperative period. These relapse patterns align with previous studies reporting that most surgical relapses occur within 1 year after surgery.39,74

Limitations

Our study has several limitations. First, we included ramus height and body length as parameters to assess skeletal symmetry. However, postsurgical changes in these variables may be influenced by the surgical technique, specifically SSRO and IVRO. Despite the high prevalence of SSRO in the included studies, the surgical technique may have influenced the outcomes related to skeletal symmetry. Second, although the subgroup analysis was performed based on predefined variables, high statistical heterogeneity was observed in most groups. One possible explanation for this is the limited number of studies on these variables. Distinct types of facial asymmetries can be present, including rotation, translation, and yaw. However, the specific type of asymmetry and amount of surgical movement in the jaws were not consistently defined across the included studies, which may have contributed to the heterogeneity of the outcome parameters. Finally, as we focused on the outcome of surgery in patients with facial asymmetry, additional factors concerning skeletal stability, such as positional changes of the proximal segment and condylar head remodeling, were not studied. Further studies are warranted to focus on factors associated with long-term stability.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review and meta-analysis contributes to the existing body of knowledge by elucidating the effectiveness of surgical correction of facial asymmetry. Our findings support the positive outcomes of this approach in terms of skeletal improvement, long-term stability, TMD signs and symptom relief, psychological well-being, and QoL. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the included studies exhibited a low-to-moderate risk of bias. Some bias may be inevitable owing to the limited follow-up after treatment. The overall certainty of the evidence was low, indicating the need for further research to address these limitations and deepen our understanding of facial asymmetry correction and related factors.

FUNDING

This research was supported by the grants from the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA, No. NA-21-010, NA22-007) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2020R1A2C2009296).

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: MJK, SHJ. Data curation: YJK, MYK, NJ, HGS. Formal analysis: MJK. Funding acquisition: HGS, MJK, SHJ. Investigation: YJK, MYK, HGS. Methodology: YDK, MHJ. Project administration: HGS, MJK. Resources: HGS, MJK. Software: MJK. Supervision: YDK, SHJ. Validation: MHJ, MJK. Visualization: YJK, NJ, MJK. Writing–original draft: YJK, MYK, MHJ. Writing–review & editing: YJK, NJ, SHJ.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Supplementary data is available at https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194.

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Article

Original Article

Korean J Orthod 2024; 54(2): 89-107   https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

First Published Date January 26, 2024, Publication Date March 25, 2024

Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.

Treatment outcome and long-term stability of orthognathic surgery for facial asymmetry: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yoon-Ji Kima , Moon-Young Kimb , Nayansi Jhaa , Min-Ho Jungc,d , Yong-Dae Kwone , Ho Gyun Shinf , Min Jung Kof , Sang Ho Jung

aDepartment of Orthodontics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
bDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
cDepartment of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
dPrivate Practice, Seoul, Korea
eDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
fDivision of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
gDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to:Sang Ho Jun.
Clinical Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Tel +82-2-920-6770 e-mail junsang@korea.ac.kr
Min Jung Ko.
Senior Research Fellow, Division of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, 400 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 04933, Korea.
Tel +82-2-2174-2731 e-mail minjung.ko@neca.re.kr

Yoon-Ji Kim and Moon-Young Kim contributed equally to this work (as co-first authors).

How to cite this article: Kim YJ, Kim MY, Jha N, Jung MH, Kwon YD, Shin HG, Ko MJ, Jun SH. Treatment outcome and long-term stability of orthognathic surgery for facial asymmetry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Orthod 2024;54(2):89-107. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Received: September 27, 2023; Revised: December 14, 2023; Accepted: January 18, 2024

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the treatment outcomes, including hard and soft tissues, postoperative stability, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and quality of life (QoL), in patients with facial asymmetry who underwent orthognathic surgery. Methods: The primary objective was to address the question, “How do different factors related to surgery affect the outcomes and stability of orthognathic surgery in the correction of facial asymmetry?” A meta-analysis was conducted on the outcome parameters, such as skeletal, dental, and soft tissue symmetry, TMD, QoL, and relapse, using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method for random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted considering surgery-related factors such as surgical techniques (one-jaw vs. two-jaw), use of the surgery-first approach, utilization of computer simulation, and analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D). Results: Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the symmetry of hard and soft tissues. The subgroup analysis indicated that the treatment outcomes showed significant improvement, regardless of the factors related to surgery. Changes in TMD signs and symptoms varied according to the surgical technique used. Quality of life improved in the facial, oral, and social domains. Skeletal relapse was observed during the follow-up. Conclusions: Our findings support the positive outcomes of orthognathic surgery in the treatment of facial asymmetry in terms of skeletal and soft tissue improvements, stability, relief of TMD symptoms, and enhancement of QoL. However, most of the included studies showed a low certainty of evidence and high heterogeneity.

Keywords: Facial asymmetry, Orthognathic surgery, Temporomandibular joint disorder, Surgical stability

INTRODUCTION

Facial asymmetry is characterized by notable disparities in size, shape, and positioning of features between the right and left sides of the face. The etiology of facial asymmetry is multifactorial, involving genetic, functional, and environmental factors during growth,1,2 and the reported prevalence thereof ranges from 11% to 37%,3 with a higher prevalence (21–67%) observed in individuals with malocclusions, particularly Class III.4-7

Most people have some degree of skeletal asymmetry, which is considered normal, and it may be compensated for by soft tissues, dental occlusion, and head posture.8 However, a deviation exceeding 3–4 mm in the soft tissue menton region may be perceived by laypeople and elicit psychological implications.1,2 Patients with facial asymmetry commonly exhibit concomitant malocclusion, compromised masticatory functions, speech impairments, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.

Considerable progress in surgical techniques has revolutionized the treatment approach for facial asymmetry, supplanting the previous reliance on orthodontic camouflage with more stable and esthetically pleasing outcomes. Leveraging digital advancements such as computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies enables the utilization of surgical simulations, thereby enhancing the predictability of treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.

While numerous studies have explored orthognathic terms of diagnosis, surgical technique, and surgical outcome for facial asymmetry, a comprehensive systematic review of the impact of a range of factors on treatment outcomes remains lacking. These factors include surgical techniques (one- vs. two-jaw), surgical protocols (surgery-first approach [SFA] vs. conventional approach), implementation of surgical simulation techniques, and analytical methods (two-dimensional [2D] vs. three-dimensional [3D]). We, therefore, aimed to provide a comparative analysis of treatment outcomes encompassing hard and soft tissues, postoperative stability, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms, and quality of life (QoL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review adhered to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses9 (Supplementary Table 1). The study was registered in the PROSPERO Registry of Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses in Research (registration number: CRD42022384509). The primary objective was to address the question, “How do different factors related to surgery affect the outcomes and stability of orthognathic surgery in the correction of facial asymmetry?” The research question was structured according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Time, and Study type framework (Table 1). The specific outcome parameters are shown in Table 2.

Table 1 . Description of PICOTS framework.

PICOTS frameworkDetails
PopulationFacial asymmetry patients
InterventionOrthognathic surgery
ComparisonUntreated subjects
OutcomesSkeletal symmetry, midline discrepancies, lip canting, temporomandibular disorders, quality of life, relapse
TimeNo limitation
Study typeRandomized clinical study, non-randomized clinical study (cohort study, case-control study, cross-sectional study), patient group study (case-series)

PICOTS, population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, and study type..



Table 2 . Definition of outcome variables.

Outcome variablesDefinition
Skeletal symmetryLinear and angular measurements of the anatomic landmarks of the facial skeleton using radiographs for assessment of facial asymmetry
Menton deviationDistance from the menton of the mandible to the midsagittal reference plane
Maxillary cantingAngle between the maxillary plane and the horizontal reference plane
Frontal ramal inclination*Angle between the midsagittal reference line and the line connecting the most lateral point of the condylar head and gonion in the frontal plane
Ramus height*Distance from the condylion to gonion
Body length*Distance from the gonion to menton
Midline discrepanciesDeviation of upper and lower dental midline from the midsagittal reference line; midline discrepancy between the upper and the lower dentition
Lip cantingThe angle between the line where the upper and lower lips meet and the horizontal reference line
TMDSigns and symptoms related to TMD
Quality of lifeQuality of life related to surgical treatment of facial asymmetry
RelapseChange of more than 1 mm in the menton deviation after surgery

TMD, temporomandibular disorders..

*Differences between right and left measurements were analyzed..



Information sources and search strategy

The search strategy included relevant English databases, including Ovid-Medline, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Korean databases, such as KoreaMed and KMbase. The search terms were derived from those employed in Ovid-Medline and search functions, including controlled vocabulary (MeSH and Emtree), text words, logical operators, and truncation, were appropriately applied considering the characteristics of each database. The search was limited to the literature published between January 2000 and June 2023 in English and Korean (Supplementary Table 2).

Eligibility criteria, study selection, and data collection

We included original studies published in scientific journals with the full text available. We included studies as follows: those involving patients with facial asymmetry aged 18 years or older, focusing on orthognathic surgery, reporting one or more predefined outcomes, and conforming to a predetermined study design. We excluded non-original articles (reviews, editorials, letters, comments, abstracts, duplicate research); studies addressing the treatment of pathological conditions such as condylar hyperplasia; studies concerning the treatment of congenital facial deformities such as hemifacial microsomia and cleft lip and palate; documents not published in peer-reviewed journals (gray literature, abstracts, etc.); and studies not published in Korean. Two reviewers (YJK and MYK) independently conducted the literature selection process based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa statistic, which yielded a substantial agreement coefficient of 0.801. In cases of disagreement, a final selection of literature was made through discussions involving the entire research team.

Data extraction

Pilot data extraction was performed in several studies to standardize the process and enhance consistency between reviewers. Subsequently, two independent reviewers extracted data from the selected studies into a standardized form. Disagreements between the two reviewers were resolved by rechecking the data and further discussions with the clinical advisory committee.

The extracted data included (a) study characteristics (authors, year of publication, study design, period, and the number and location of research centers), (b) study population (inclusion/exclusion criteria, number of participants included/dropped out, sex, age, and type of dentoskeletal malocclusion), (c) methods (surgical techniques, use of SFA, computer simulation, analytic methods [2D vs. 3D] to assess asymmetry), (d) values of outcome variables, and (e) follow-up duration.

Risk of bias assessment

The methodological quality rating was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of non-randomized studies in the meta-analyses. Studies received one or two stars within each NOS category. A study with a score of ≥ 7 was considered high quality, those scoring 4–6 were considered moderate quality, and studies scoring < 4 were categorized as low quality. A critical assessment of the studies was conducted by two reviewers, and any discrepancies were resolved by a third.

Certainty of evidence assessment

We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation10 to evaluate the quality of evidence of the studies in which the meta-analysis was performed. Each outcome was rated based on the quality of evidence as high, moderate, low, or very low within five domains: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency, indirectness, and other biases.

Statistical analysis

The meta-analysis was conducted using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method, which is a random-effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic, indicating the proportion of the total variation attributed to heterogeneity rather than chance. Heterogeneity was categorized as low (25–50%), intermediate (50–75%), or high (75–100%).

In cases of high heterogeneity, the effect estimate was reported as the standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference. To explore potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed on studies exhibiting moderate or high heterogeneity. These analyses utilized predefined variables to investigate the factors contributing to heterogeneity.

Subgroup analyses were conducted to improve overall skeletal symmetry, which included all outcomes of skeletal symmetry and menton deviation considering surgery-related factors, such as the surgical techniques (one- vs. two-jaw), the use of SFA, utilization of computer simulation, and the analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D). Skeletal relapse was evaluated by examining the SMDs of the overall skeletal symmetry from immediately after surgery to the follow-up periods of < 3, 3–12, and > 12 months. Additionally, relapse of menton deviation was observed for follow-up periods of < 3 months and > 3 months.

Standardized mean differences for the upper and lower dental midlines, midline discrepancies between the upper and lower dentition, and lip canting were assessed. The prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD before and after surgery were analyzed. Quality of life was examined. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test.11 Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 3.6.3, http://cran.r-project.org/) and comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3.3.070). Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Study selection

A comprehensive database search yielded 2,928 articles, including 2,694 in English and 234 in Korean. After removing duplicate studies, 2,175 articles remained for further evaluation based on the selection criteria. Through a rigorous review process, 168 articles were selected based on their titles and abstracts, and a final set of 49 articles were included after a thorough examination of the full texts (Figure 1).

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart to screen and identify the included studies.

Risk of bias assessment of the included studies

Supplementary Table 3 summarizes the NOS results. Most of the studies were assessed as moderate quality,12-48 while a few were assessed as high quality.14,49-62 The studies were classified as high quality when the comparability of cohorts was appropriately addressed based on the study design or analysis.

Certainty of evidence assessment

The outcome parameters of the studies included in the meta-analysis were examined. Factors such as risk of bias, indirectness, inconsistency, and imprecision were not serious issues. The certainty of evidence regarding menton deviation is very low, owing to publication bias. However, publication bias did not significantly affect the results of menton deviation analysis. Certainty was low for other outcomes (Supplementary Table 4).

Characteristics of included studies

The meta-analysis included 1,796 participants. The publication timeline revealed 1 article from 2003 and 8 articles from 2019, and a significant proportion (51%) of the studies were published within the last 5 years (2019–2023). The studies originated from various countries: 19 from South Korea, 12 from Taiwan, 9 from Japan, 7 from China, 1 from Hong Kong, and 3 from Europe. The mean number of participants per study was 41 (range: 8–228), with a mean age of 24.6 years. In addition, 33 studies focused on skeletal Class III malocclusion. The follow-up periods varied across studies, ranging from a minimum of 15 days to a maximum of 3 years, with an average follow-up time of 9.7 months.

Evaluation of outcome parameters

Overall skeletal symmetry

In a comprehensive review involving 44 studies,12-43,49-60 77 outcome indicators were analyzed to assess skeletal symmetry before and after orthognathic surgery. The SMDs of skeletal symmetry according to one- and two-jaw surgery are shown in Figure 2, with descriptions of the study groups and outcome variables in Table 3. Significant improvements were observed after surgery for all surgery types. However, a notable heterogeneity was observed among the included studies.

Figure 2. Skeletal symmetry improvement: one-jaw vs. two-jaw (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

Table 3 . Characteristics of included studies and the definitions of the subgroups for the meta-analysis.

Study (year)OutcomeSurgical technique (mandible)Computer simulation1-jaw vs. 2-jawSFAImagingSubgroup for meta-analysis
Aoyama et al.42 (2018)Me, MCSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo2D1: Me, 2: MC
Chen et al.51 (2016)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Group I*, 2: Group II, 3: Group III
Chen et al.36 (2019)U1, L1, LC, MeSSRONo2-jawYes3D
Choi et al.28 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawYes2D1: SFA, 2: Conventional approach
Eo et al.52 (2022)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Freudlsperger et al.25 (2017)LCSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Fujita et al.40 (2013)LC, MeSSRO, IVRONo1-jawNo2D
Guo et al.22 (2018)FRI, RH, BLSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: FRI, 2: RH, 3: BL
Ha et al.18 (2023)FRISSROYes2-jawNo3D
Hågensli et al.39 (2014)U1, L1, MeSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Hu et al.31 (2019)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: Group A§, 2: Group B
Huang et al.19 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Hwang et al.13 (2009)LC, MCNRNo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.23 (2017)Me, LCSSRONo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.30 (2020)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Ji et al.38 (2019)BL, MC, RHSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: BL, 2: MC, 3: RH
Kim et al.24 (2012)LC, MCSSRONo2-jawNo
Ko et al.26 (2009)MeSSRONo2-jawNo2D
Kwon et al.32 (2019)Me, FRI, RH, BLIVRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: Me, contralateral type, 2: Me, ipsilateral type, 3: FRI, contralateral type, 4: FRI, ipsilateral type, 5: RH, contralateral type, 6: RH, ipsilateral type, 7: BL, contralateral type, 8: BL, ipsilateral type
Kwon et al.33 (2019)BL, RHIVROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: RH, 2: BL
Lee et al.60 (2017)Me, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.50 (2019)MC, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: MC, 1-jaw, 2: MC, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.27 (2022)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Liao et al.54 (2020)MeSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Lin et al.37 (2018)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Lin et al.29 (2021)Me, MC, LCSSRONo2-jawYes3D1: Me, API, 2: Me, PIE**, 3: MC, API, 4: MC, PIE, 5: LC, API, 6: LC, PIE
Liu et al.53 (2022)Me, LCSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Me, Roll-type, 2: Me, Translation-type, 3: Me, Yaw-type, 4: LC, Roll-type, 5: LC, Translation-type, 6: LC, Yaw-type
Liu and Li49 (2022)BL, RHSSRO1-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Ming et al.21 (2020)Me, MCSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: MC, 1-jaw, 4: MC, 2-jaw
Ohba et al.57 (2016)Me, L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D1: Me, Minor asymmetry, 2: Me, Severe asymmetry, 3: L1, Minor asymmetry, 4: L1, Severe asymmetry
Park et al.46 (2021)FRISSRONo2-jawYes3D
Sun and Lee56 (2019)MCSSRONo1-jawYes3D
Suzuki-Okamura et al.17 (2015)LC, MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Udomlarptham et al.12 (2018)Me, MCSSROYes2-jawNo3D1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: MC (3D), 4: MC (2D)
Verzé et al.44 (2012)U1-L1 discrepancyMixedNo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Wong et al.16 (2014)MeSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Wu et al.14(2017)Me, RH, U1, L1SSROYes2-jawNo1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: RH (3D), 4: RH (2D), 5: L1 (3D), 6: L1 (2D), 7: U1 (3D), 8: U1 (2D)
Xu et al.43 (2021)L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: 1-jaw, 2: 2-jaw
Yamashita et al.41 (2009)LC, MCSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Ying et al.34 (2015)MCSSRO, IVROYes2-jawNo3D
Yoon et al.35 (2003)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D
Yu15 (2011)FRI, L1SSRONo2-jawNo2D

SFA, surgery-first approach; Me, menton deviation; MC, maxillary canting; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy; 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; U1, upper dental midline deviation; L1, lower dental midline deviation; LC, lip canting; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; FRI, frontal ramal inclination; RH, ramus height; BL, body length; NR, not reported..

*Menton deviation greater than ramus asymmetry..

Menton deviation less than ramus asymmetry..

Atypical asymmetry of menton deviation to the contralateral side..

§Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints, drilling guiding templates, and pre-bent plates..

Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints only..

Asymmetric posterior impaction on both sides..

**Posterior impaction on one side, and posterior extrusion on the other side..



Skeletal symmetry according to distinct factors associated with surgery

Subgroup analyses according to surgery-related factors, such as the use of SFA, computer simulation, and analytical methods employed to evaluate asymmetry (2D vs. 3D), indicated a statistically significant improvement in skeletal symmetry in all subgroups (Supplementary Figures 1-3). However, high heterogeneity was observed among the studies in all subgroups.

Publication bias

Visual examination of the contour-enhanced funnel plot revealed that studies with larger standard errors were predominantly located within statistically significant intervals biased toward the left. This observation was supported by the Egger’s test, which demonstrated a significantly small study effect (P < 0.01).

Trim-and-fill analysis was employed to address potential publication bias, resulting in the inclusion of 38 studies. The analysis showed an SMD of –0.67 (P < 0.01) for the improvement in skeletal symmetry, indicating that publication bias did not significantly impact the overall outcome of enhanced skeletal symmetry following orthognathic surgery.

Individual skeletal symmetry outcomes

The SMDs of each outcome variable used for skeletal symmetry, such as menton deviation, maxillary canting, frontal ramal inclination, ramus height, and body length, were assessed, and all variables showed significant improvement after surgery (Supplementary Figures 4–8).

Midline discrepancy

Following orthognathic surgery, a significant decrease was observed in the dental midline discrepancy of the upper dentition (SMD = –1.09, P = 0.19), lower dentition (SMD = –1.44, P < 0.01), and in the discrepancy between the upper and lower dentition (SMD = –1.24, P < 0.01) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Forest plot for dental midline discrepancies between upper and lower arches (A), lower dental midline discrepancies (B), and upper dental midline discrepancies (C) (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

Lip canting

A significant decrease in lip canting was shown after surgery (SMD = –1.08, P < 0.01). However, high heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I2 = 73.0%, P < 0.01) (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Forest plot for lip canting (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

TMDs

The signs and symptoms related to TMD were classified into joint sounds, pain, and limited mouth opening (Table 4). Most studies have reported a decrease in TMD signs and symptoms of TMD after surgery.

Table 4 . Signs and symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorder.

Outcome indicatorStudiesSurgical techniqueNumber of patients (n)Pre-surgery (%)Post-surgery (%)
SoundFujimura et al.61 (2005)IVSRO1586.76.7
IVRO1580.013.3
Park et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO862.537.5
SSRO1060.050.0
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3066.723.3
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6437.817.8
PainPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO812.50
SSRO1010.00
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3053.520.0
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6413.36.7
Sound and painPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO837.50
SSRO1020.00
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6415.613.3
Sound, pain, and limitation of condylar movementOhba et al.47 (2022)IVRO1417.910.7
SSRO with fixation1118.240.9
SSRO with no fixation3724.35.4

IVSRO, intraoral vertical-sagittal ramus osteotomy; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy..



QoL

The study conducted by Vongkamolchoon et al.48 examined changes in QoL before and after surgery in patients with facial asymmetry. This study included 74 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion 12 months after surgery. The Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess the QoL across different domains. The results showed a significant improvement in QoL in each domain and overall QoL, except for the awareness domain, when compared with the preoperative period.48

Relapse

In the analysis of skeletal symmetry based on the follow-up period, studies with a follow-up period of < 3 months exhibited the highest SMDs (–1.36, P < 0.01), indicating a significant change due to surgery, while studies with a follow-up period of 3–12 months also showed a significant improvement in skeletal symmetry (SMD = –1.34, P < 0.01). However, in studies with a follow-up period > 12 months, the SMD was less than that in those with a shorter follow-up period (SMD = –0.60, P > 0.05) (Figure 5). The analysis of menton deviation based on the follow-up period showed similar results, with a greater SMD for studies with a follow-up period of < 3 months12,14; studies with a follow-up period > 3 months showed fewer SMDs (Supplementary Figure 9).

Figure 5. Skeletal symmetry based on different follow-up periods (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.

DISCUSSION

We provide comprehensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of orthognathic surgery to correct facial asymmetry, alleviating TMD symptoms, and improving QoL. Analysis of the included studies revealed significant improvements in all the evaluated skeletal parameters following surgery. Among the variables studied, the menton exhibited the highest frequency of use as a measure of facial asymmetry, followed by maxillary canting, frontal ramal inclination, ramus height, body length, and distance from the gonion to the midsagittal reference plane. Our results indicated that there was a significant improvement in skeletal symmetry, regardless of the different surgery-related factors, such as the surgical technique (one- vs. two-jaw), timing of surgery, use of computer simulation, and imaging modality for diagnosis and surgical planning.

Correction of maxillary canting and lip canting

Orthognathic surgery significantly reduced maxillary and lip canting. However, lip canting correction was found to be less predictable than maxillary canting.63 Kim et al.24 demonstrated a relationship between lip canting and canting correction of the anterior maxillary transverse occlusal planes. Lip asymmetry is influenced by muscular factors, and surgery may not cause significant changes in lip-line canting.64 Lee et al.50 reported an average lip cant of 3.12 for patients undergoing one-jaw surgery, which reduced to 1.27 after surgery.

Surgical planning and computer simulation

Facial asymmetry can only be analyzed in the frontal view; therefore, a frontal cephalogram in addition to a lateral cephalogram is required for diagnosis and surgical planning. However, in cases of facial asymmetry, 3D distortion of the mandible is often observed due to various yaw and roll patterns, which limits a comprehensive understanding of the mandibular morphology using only 2D imaging modalities.30 Owing to technological advances in medical imaging, 3D imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), intraoral scanners, and facial scanners, are readily available to clinicians. Integrating these datasets allows computer simulation surgery, which is reported to outperform traditional methods in enhancing facial midline symmetry.17,54

Patients with facial asymmetry often show condylar deformation with degenerative changes, which can be accurately analyzed using CT.65 Study groups using 2D and 3D imaging modalities for surgery and those who planned surgery with or without computer simulation all showed significant improvements in asymmetry. However, it was not possible to directly compare the outcome variables of the studies that used 2D and 3D imaging modalities due to the nature of the meta-analysis. Additionally, the outcome variables used in these studies were mainly menton deviations and dental midline discrepancies, which do not fully represent facial asymmetry.

Skeletal symmetry outcomes related to transverse dimensions such as frontal ramal inclination and distance from the gonion to the midsagittal reference plane are strongly associated with facial contours. In patients with a translation asymmetry type, transverse movement of the distal segment results in correction of frontal ramal inclination with stability and improves soft tissue facial contour.15,20 A study comparing 2D and 3D planning in cleft patients with severe discrepancies showed that 3D planning yielded superior outcomes in terms of facial contour asymmetry, but we excluded the study due to cleft palate patients.66 Additionally, Udomlarptham et al.12 concluded that 3D planning was particularly advantageous to achieve bilateral mandibular contour symmetry.

TMDs

The effects of surgical intervention on TMD symptoms vary across studies. Consistent with the results of a previous systematic review focusing on various patients with skeletal malocclusion who underwent orthognathic surgery,67 our analysis of patients with facial asymmetry revealed an overall improvement in the prevalence of pain.

However, differences in TMJ symptoms have been observed depending on the surgical technique used. Patients who underwent intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO), intraoral vertical-sagittal ramus osteotomy (IVSRO), or sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) without fixation experienced a substantial reduction in TMJ symptoms.45-47,61,62 The favorable effect of surgeries with no fixation of the bone segments on the TMJ has been corroborated in previous studies. Fujimura et al.61 reported 92% and 83% improvements in clicking in patients who underwent IVSRO and IVRO, respectively. Chen et al.68 also demonstrated a 71.4% improvement in pre-existing TMJ clicking in patients who underwent IVRO for mandibular setback. They showed that the rate of improvement of TMJ symptoms was not associated with the amount of setback. The alleviation of TMD symptoms after surgery may be attributed to the absence of fixation between the proximal and distal segments, allowing the proximal segment to attain a stable position.69

In contrast, some patients who underwent conventional SSRO with fixation exhibited TMJ symptoms.46,47,62 Hu et al.70 found that 8% of initially asymptomatic patients developed TMD symptoms 6 months postoperatively, emphasizing the challenges in replicating the original condylar position during SSRO. This difficulty poses a risk of excessive pressure on the articular disc or an unfavorable condylar position, potentially resulting in joint noise, pain, or exacerbation of pre-existing TMD symptoms.69 However, Toh and Leung reported that, despite the surgical technique used (IVRO, SSRO, or a combination of the two techniques), 12.5% of patients who were previously asymptomatic developed signs and symptoms after surgery.62 AlWarawreh et al.71 reported that most patients who underwent SSRO with rigid fixation showed no change in the signs and symptoms of TMD. Eshghpour et al.72 studied the biomechanical stress of three different modalities, two bicortical screws, three bicortical screws, and a miniplate, with SSRO using finite element analysis and concluded that the miniplate showed the least displacement of the bony segments.

Stability

Long-term stability is a crucial factor determining the success of orthognathic surgery. Short-term relapse can be attributed to factors such as condylar displacement during surgery, while long-term stability is influenced by condylar remodeling and skeletal growth.73 We revealed that skeletal symmetry improvements remained stable even when relapse patterns were identified up to 3 years post-surgery. Most studies demonstrated stable menton and lower midline positions following surgery, suggesting no significant relapse. Most skeletal relapses occurred within the first 12 months postoperatively, with similar amounts of relapse observed between the immediate postoperative period and the 3-month to 12-month postoperative period. These relapse patterns align with previous studies reporting that most surgical relapses occur within 1 year after surgery.39,74

Limitations

Our study has several limitations. First, we included ramus height and body length as parameters to assess skeletal symmetry. However, postsurgical changes in these variables may be influenced by the surgical technique, specifically SSRO and IVRO. Despite the high prevalence of SSRO in the included studies, the surgical technique may have influenced the outcomes related to skeletal symmetry. Second, although the subgroup analysis was performed based on predefined variables, high statistical heterogeneity was observed in most groups. One possible explanation for this is the limited number of studies on these variables. Distinct types of facial asymmetries can be present, including rotation, translation, and yaw. However, the specific type of asymmetry and amount of surgical movement in the jaws were not consistently defined across the included studies, which may have contributed to the heterogeneity of the outcome parameters. Finally, as we focused on the outcome of surgery in patients with facial asymmetry, additional factors concerning skeletal stability, such as positional changes of the proximal segment and condylar head remodeling, were not studied. Further studies are warranted to focus on factors associated with long-term stability.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review and meta-analysis contributes to the existing body of knowledge by elucidating the effectiveness of surgical correction of facial asymmetry. Our findings support the positive outcomes of this approach in terms of skeletal improvement, long-term stability, TMD signs and symptom relief, psychological well-being, and QoL. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the included studies exhibited a low-to-moderate risk of bias. Some bias may be inevitable owing to the limited follow-up after treatment. The overall certainty of the evidence was low, indicating the need for further research to address these limitations and deepen our understanding of facial asymmetry correction and related factors.

FUNDING

This research was supported by the grants from the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA, No. NA-21-010, NA22-007) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2020R1A2C2009296).

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: MJK, SHJ. Data curation: YJK, MYK, NJ, HGS. Formal analysis: MJK. Funding acquisition: HGS, MJK, SHJ. Investigation: YJK, MYK, HGS. Methodology: YDK, MHJ. Project administration: HGS, MJK. Resources: HGS, MJK. Software: MJK. Supervision: YDK, SHJ. Validation: MHJ, MJK. Visualization: YJK, NJ, MJK. Writing–original draft: YJK, MYK, MHJ. Writing–review & editing: YJK, NJ, SHJ.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Supplementary data is available at https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194.

Fig 1.

Figure 1.PRISMA flowchart to screen and identify the included studies.
Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2024; 54: 89-107https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Fig 2.

Figure 2.Skeletal symmetry improvement: one-jaw vs. two-jaw (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.
Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2024; 54: 89-107https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Fig 3.

Figure 3.Forest plot for dental midline discrepancies between upper and lower arches (A), lower dental midline discrepancies (B), and upper dental midline discrepancies (C) (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.
Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2024; 54: 89-107https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Fig 4.

Figure 4.Forest plot for lip canting (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.
Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2024; 54: 89-107https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Fig 5.

Figure 5.Skeletal symmetry based on different follow-up periods (study groups and outcomes are shown in Table 3).
SD, standard deviation; FU, follow-up; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval, HK, Hoffman and Kringle.
Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2024; 54: 89-107https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.194

Table 1 . Description of PICOTS framework.

PICOTS frameworkDetails
PopulationFacial asymmetry patients
InterventionOrthognathic surgery
ComparisonUntreated subjects
OutcomesSkeletal symmetry, midline discrepancies, lip canting, temporomandibular disorders, quality of life, relapse
TimeNo limitation
Study typeRandomized clinical study, non-randomized clinical study (cohort study, case-control study, cross-sectional study), patient group study (case-series)

PICOTS, population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, and study type..


Table 2 . Definition of outcome variables.

Outcome variablesDefinition
Skeletal symmetryLinear and angular measurements of the anatomic landmarks of the facial skeleton using radiographs for assessment of facial asymmetry
Menton deviationDistance from the menton of the mandible to the midsagittal reference plane
Maxillary cantingAngle between the maxillary plane and the horizontal reference plane
Frontal ramal inclination*Angle between the midsagittal reference line and the line connecting the most lateral point of the condylar head and gonion in the frontal plane
Ramus height*Distance from the condylion to gonion
Body length*Distance from the gonion to menton
Midline discrepanciesDeviation of upper and lower dental midline from the midsagittal reference line; midline discrepancy between the upper and the lower dentition
Lip cantingThe angle between the line where the upper and lower lips meet and the horizontal reference line
TMDSigns and symptoms related to TMD
Quality of lifeQuality of life related to surgical treatment of facial asymmetry
RelapseChange of more than 1 mm in the menton deviation after surgery

TMD, temporomandibular disorders..

*Differences between right and left measurements were analyzed..


Table 3 . Characteristics of included studies and the definitions of the subgroups for the meta-analysis.

Study (year)OutcomeSurgical technique (mandible)Computer simulation1-jaw vs. 2-jawSFAImagingSubgroup for meta-analysis
Aoyama et al.42 (2018)Me, MCSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo2D1: Me, 2: MC
Chen et al.51 (2016)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Group I*, 2: Group II, 3: Group III
Chen et al.36 (2019)U1, L1, LC, MeSSRONo2-jawYes3D
Choi et al.28 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawYes2D1: SFA, 2: Conventional approach
Eo et al.52 (2022)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Freudlsperger et al.25 (2017)LCSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Fujita et al.40 (2013)LC, MeSSRO, IVRONo1-jawNo2D
Guo et al.22 (2018)FRI, RH, BLSSRONo2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: FRI, 2: RH, 3: BL
Ha et al.18 (2023)FRISSROYes2-jawNo3D
Hågensli et al.39 (2014)U1, L1, MeSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Hu et al.31 (2019)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyYes3D1: Group A§, 2: Group B
Huang et al.19 (2021)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Hwang et al.13 (2009)LC, MCNRNo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.23 (2017)Me, LCSSRONo1-jawNo3D
Jeon et al.30 (2020)MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Ji et al.38 (2019)BL, MC, RHSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: BL, 2: MC, 3: RH
Kim et al.24 (2012)LC, MCSSRONo2-jawNo
Ko et al.26 (2009)MeSSRONo2-jawNo2D
Kwon et al.32 (2019)Me, FRI, RH, BLIVRONo2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: Me, contralateral type, 2: Me, ipsilateral type, 3: FRI, contralateral type, 4: FRI, ipsilateral type, 5: RH, contralateral type, 6: RH, ipsilateral type, 7: BL, contralateral type, 8: BL, ipsilateral type
Kwon et al.33 (2019)BL, RHIVROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D1: RH, 2: BL
Lee et al.60 (2017)Me, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.50 (2019)MC, LCSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawYes3D1: MC, 1-jaw, 2: MC, 2-jaw, 3: LC, 1-jaw, 4: LC, 2-jaw
Lee et al.27 (2022)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Liao et al.54 (2020)MeSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Lin et al.37 (2018)MeSSROYes2-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Lin et al.29 (2021)Me, MC, LCSSRONo2-jawYes3D1: Me, API, 2: Me, PIE**, 3: MC, API, 4: MC, PIE, 5: LC, API, 6: LC, PIE
Liu et al.53 (2022)Me, LCSSROYes2-jawYes3D1: Me, Roll-type, 2: Me, Translation-type, 3: Me, Yaw-type, 4: LC, Roll-type, 5: LC, Translation-type, 6: LC, Yaw-type
Liu and Li49 (2022)BL, RHSSRO1-jaw + genioplastyNo3D
Ming et al.21 (2020)Me, MCSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Me, 1-jaw, 2: Me, 2-jaw, 3: MC, 1-jaw, 4: MC, 2-jaw
Ohba et al.57 (2016)Me, L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D1: Me, Minor asymmetry, 2: Me, Severe asymmetry, 3: L1, Minor asymmetry, 4: L1, Severe asymmetry
Park et al.46 (2021)FRISSRONo2-jawYes3D
Sun and Lee56 (2019)MCSSRONo1-jawYes3D
Suzuki-Okamura et al.17 (2015)LC, MeSSRONo2-jawNo3D
Udomlarptham et al.12 (2018)Me, MCSSROYes2-jawNo3D1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: MC (3D), 4: MC (2D)
Verzé et al.44 (2012)U1-L1 discrepancyMixedNo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D
Wong et al.16 (2014)MeSSROYes1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: Conventional, 2: Computer simulation
Wu et al.14(2017)Me, RH, U1, L1SSROYes2-jawNo1: Me (3D), 2: Me (2D), 3: RH (3D), 4: RH (2D), 5: L1 (3D), 6: L1 (2D), 7: U1 (3D), 8: U1 (2D)
Xu et al.43 (2021)L1SSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo3D1: 1-jaw, 2: 2-jaw
Yamashita et al.41 (2009)LC, MCSSRONo1-jawNo2D
Ying et al.34 (2015)MCSSRO, IVROYes2-jawNo3D
Yoon et al.35 (2003)MeSSRONo1-jaw, 2-jawNo2D
Yu15 (2011)FRI, L1SSRONo2-jawNo2D

SFA, surgery-first approach; Me, menton deviation; MC, maxillary canting; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy; 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; U1, upper dental midline deviation; L1, lower dental midline deviation; LC, lip canting; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; FRI, frontal ramal inclination; RH, ramus height; BL, body length; NR, not reported..

*Menton deviation greater than ramus asymmetry..

Menton deviation less than ramus asymmetry..

Atypical asymmetry of menton deviation to the contralateral side..

§Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints, drilling guiding templates, and pre-bent plates..

Use of CAD/CAM occlusal splints only..

Asymmetric posterior impaction on both sides..

**Posterior impaction on one side, and posterior extrusion on the other side..


Table 4 . Signs and symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorder.

Outcome indicatorStudiesSurgical techniqueNumber of patients (n)Pre-surgery (%)Post-surgery (%)
SoundFujimura et al.61 (2005)IVSRO1586.76.7
IVRO1580.013.3
Park et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO862.537.5
SSRO1060.050.0
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3066.723.3
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6437.817.8
PainPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO812.50
SSRO1010.00
Kim and Ryu45 (2007)Not reported3053.520.0
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6413.36.7
Sound and painPark et al.46 (2021)SSRO + IVRO837.50
SSRO1020.00
Toh and Leung62 (2022)Mixed6415.613.3
Sound, pain, and limitation of condylar movementOhba et al.47 (2022)IVRO1417.910.7
SSRO with fixation1118.240.9
SSRO with no fixation3724.35.4

IVSRO, intraoral vertical-sagittal ramus osteotomy; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; SSRO, sagittal split ramus osteotomy..


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