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Korean J Orthod
Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.
Min-Jeong Kang a, Nang Paung Li b, Hyunseung Hong c, Hyo-Sang Park d Ji Wan Park e, Marie M. Tolarova f, Il-Hyung Yang g, Mihee Hong h, Seung-Hak Baek i
a Resident and MSD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (orthosummer@gmail.com, Tel: +82-10-4590-2605; Orchid number: 0009-0006-7695-649X)
b PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (nangpaungli@gmail.com; +82-53-600-7374)
c PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (best91hs@gmail.com; +82-2-2072-2678; ORCID: 0000-0002-7499-4517)
d Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (parkhs@knu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-53-600-7373; Orchid number: 0000-0003-0227-4112)
e Professor, Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea (jwpark@hallym.ac.kr, Tel: +82-33-248-2691; ORCID number: 0000-0003-0840-1696)
f Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA (marietolarova@gmail.com, Tel: +1-415-749-3397; Orchid number: 0000-0002-4146-9097)
g Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (drortho@snu.ac.kr; +82-2-2072-4701; Orchid number: 0000-0001-6398-4607)
h Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (mhhong1208@gmail.com, Tel: +82-53-600-7374; Orchid number: 0000-0001-6015-1482)
i Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (drwhite@snu.ac.kr; Tel: +82-2-6256-3238; ORCID number: 0000-0002-6586-9503)
Correspondence to:Dr. Mihee Hong, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Translational Research in Dentistry, 2175 Dalgubeoldaero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-53-600-7374; Fax: +82-53-421-4925; e-mail: mhhong1208@gmail.com
Dr. Seung-Hak Baek. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-6256-3238; Fax: +82-2-2072-3817; e-mail: drwhite@snu.ac.kr
Objective: To investigate which kinds of environmental exposure during pregnancy would be the risk and protective factors for cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P).
Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 278 orthodontic patients with CL/P (CL/P group) and 51 orthodontic patients without CL/P (Non-CL/P group). Demographic and environmental exposure data were collected through parent-completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the potential risk and protective factors for CL/P.
Results: The two groups did not show significant difference in (1) patient’s body weight at birth and number of previous births, (2) father’s age at birth and occupation, (3) parent’s chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, and exposure to harmful substances, and (4) mother’s smoking, secondhand smoking, and vitamin and calcium intake. The majority of CL/P patients were born at normal gestational duration (≥37 weeks, 93.2%) with normal body weight (2.9-3.7 Kg, 63.7%) and were born as either first or second child (90.3%). In the CL/P group, percentages of too-young and too-old mother’s age at birth (≤19Y, ≥40Y) and mother’s physical labor occupation were low (1.8% and 2.2%). Compared to the Non-CL/P group, the CL/P group showed a lower percentage of mother’s folic acid intake (68.6% vs. 20.9%, odd ratio (OR)=0.121; P<0.001, a potential protective effect against CL/P) and higher percentages of mother’s drug intake and father’s smoking (3.9% vs. 16.2%, OR=4.73, P<0.05; 39.2% vs. 61.2%, OR=2.44, P<0.01; potential risk factors for CL/P).
Conclusion: This study might provide basic information for understanding the association between environmental factors and CL/P risk.
Keywords: CL/P, environmental factor, folic acid intake, drug intake, smoking
Korean J Orthod
First Published Date September 27, 2024
Copyright © The Korean Association of Orthodontists.
Min-Jeong Kang a, Nang Paung Li b, Hyunseung Hong c, Hyo-Sang Park d Ji Wan Park e, Marie M. Tolarova f, Il-Hyung Yang g, Mihee Hong h, Seung-Hak Baek i
a Resident and MSD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (orthosummer@gmail.com, Tel: +82-10-4590-2605; Orchid number: 0009-0006-7695-649X)
b PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (nangpaungli@gmail.com; +82-53-600-7374)
c PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (best91hs@gmail.com; +82-2-2072-2678; ORCID: 0000-0002-7499-4517)
d Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (parkhs@knu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-53-600-7373; Orchid number: 0000-0003-0227-4112)
e Professor, Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea (jwpark@hallym.ac.kr, Tel: +82-33-248-2691; ORCID number: 0000-0003-0840-1696)
f Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA (marietolarova@gmail.com, Tel: +1-415-749-3397; Orchid number: 0000-0002-4146-9097)
g Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (drortho@snu.ac.kr; +82-2-2072-4701; Orchid number: 0000-0001-6398-4607)
h Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (mhhong1208@gmail.com, Tel: +82-53-600-7374; Orchid number: 0000-0001-6015-1482)
i Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (drwhite@snu.ac.kr; Tel: +82-2-6256-3238; ORCID number: 0000-0002-6586-9503)
Correspondence to:Dr. Mihee Hong, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Translational Research in Dentistry, 2175 Dalgubeoldaero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-53-600-7374; Fax: +82-53-421-4925; e-mail: mhhong1208@gmail.com
Dr. Seung-Hak Baek. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-6256-3238; Fax: +82-2-2072-3817; e-mail: drwhite@snu.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective: To investigate which kinds of environmental exposure during pregnancy would be the risk and protective factors for cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P).
Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 278 orthodontic patients with CL/P (CL/P group) and 51 orthodontic patients without CL/P (Non-CL/P group). Demographic and environmental exposure data were collected through parent-completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the potential risk and protective factors for CL/P.
Results: The two groups did not show significant difference in (1) patient’s body weight at birth and number of previous births, (2) father’s age at birth and occupation, (3) parent’s chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, and exposure to harmful substances, and (4) mother’s smoking, secondhand smoking, and vitamin and calcium intake. The majority of CL/P patients were born at normal gestational duration (≥37 weeks, 93.2%) with normal body weight (2.9-3.7 Kg, 63.7%) and were born as either first or second child (90.3%). In the CL/P group, percentages of too-young and too-old mother’s age at birth (≤19Y, ≥40Y) and mother’s physical labor occupation were low (1.8% and 2.2%). Compared to the Non-CL/P group, the CL/P group showed a lower percentage of mother’s folic acid intake (68.6% vs. 20.9%, odd ratio (OR)=0.121; P<0.001, a potential protective effect against CL/P) and higher percentages of mother’s drug intake and father’s smoking (3.9% vs. 16.2%, OR=4.73, P<0.05; 39.2% vs. 61.2%, OR=2.44, P<0.01; potential risk factors for CL/P).
Conclusion: This study might provide basic information for understanding the association between environmental factors and CL/P risk.
Keywords: CL/P, environmental factor, folic acid intake, drug intake, smoking
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